Reishi Benefits

What is Reishi Mushroom?

Reishi mushroom, also known as Ganoderma lucidum, is a type of fungus that grows on decaying logs and trees in various parts of Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. The fruiting body (the part of the mushroom that we see above ground) is reddish-brown, kidney-shaped, and has a tough, woody texture .

Scientifically termed Ganoderma lucidum, its Chinese name, Lingzhi, signifies a powerful health elixir. Red Reishi, its vibrant variant, is cherished for its antioxidant properties. The Japanese call it Mannentake, while Yeongji is its Korean moniker. It has also earned the names Spirit Plant, the Mushroom of Immortality and Divine Mushroom. 

History of Reishi Mushroom Use

Reishi has a rich history dating back over 2,000 years in traditional Chinese medicine, where it was highly revered for its numerous health benefits. Ancient texts describe the reishi mushroom as a "divine" and "auspicious" herb, and it was often reserved for royalty and the elite class (9). Today, reishi is gaining popularity worldwide as a natural and complementary approach to health and wellness.

Health Benefits of Reishi Mushroom

Reishi mushrooms contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and peptides, that contribute to its health-promoting properties (9). Some of the key benefits of reishi mushroom are:

1. Immune System Support: Research has shown that reishi mushroom can help support the immune system by increasing the activity of certain white blood cells (8). This may help the body more effectively fight off infections and maintain overall health.

2. Antioxidant Properties: Reishi mushrooms are rich in compounds with antioxidant activity, which can help protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals (7). This may contribute to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer.

3. Stress Relief and Sleep Improvement: Reishi mushrooms have been traditionally used to promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. Some research has shown that reishi may have adaptogenic properties, helping the body better cope with stress (9).

Reishi Mushroom and Whole-Body Organ Support: A Systems Biology Perspective

The therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as Reishi, extends beyond general wellness claims. A close look through the lens of systems biology, biochemistry, and integrative physiology reveals that Reishi may offer targeted support to major organs and systems of the human body. Its influence spans hepatic detoxification, cardiovascular modulation, pulmonary function, renal support, and neuroendocrine balance. This section introduces the biological mechanisms through which Reishi interacts with these organ systems and lays the groundwork for in-depth cluster articles focused on each.

Reishi and Brain Health: Neuroprotection Through Mycological Modulation

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) has demonstrated a range of neuroprotective effects through several pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission regulation. Brain tissues are highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to their lipid-rich content and high metabolic demands. Reishi's triterpenoids, particularly ganoderic acids, and its abundant polysaccharides exert antioxidant activity by enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels within neural tissues (Wachtel-Galor et al., 2011).

Reishi may also influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by attenuating stress-induced cortisol elevation, which is critical for cognitive resilience and hippocampal preservation. Chronic stress and systemic inflammation are well-established contributors to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. In preclinical studies, Reishi extract reduced microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, across brain regions implicated in memory and cognition (Zhu et al., 2012).

Moreover, polysaccharides from Reishi have been observed to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, a protein central to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. BDNF deficiency is commonly linked with depression and age-related cognitive decline. Reishi’s impact on the gut-brain axis also emerges through its prebiotic effects; by modulating gut flora and increasing SCFA production, it indirectly enhances neuroimmune function and neurotransmitter synthesis via enteroendocrine signaling pathways (Cryan et al., 2019).

Through a multifaceted approach—reducing inflammation, scavenging ROS, supporting neurotrophic signaling, and regulating stress physiology—Reishi demonstrates substantial potential as a neuroprotective adaptogen and cognitive modulator.

Reishi and the Digestive System: Gut-Immune Harmony Through Fungal Polysaccharides

Reishi’s interaction with the digestive system primarily occurs through its modulation of mucosal immunity, microbial ecology, and intestinal barrier function. Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum serve as potent prebiotics, fostering beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, which in turn enhance short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. SCFAs like butyrate are essential for epithelial cell repair, tight junction integrity, and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (Zhou et al., 2015).

The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) houses over 70% of the body’s immune cells. Reishi’s polysaccharides stimulate dendritic cells and T-regulatory cells in the intestinal lamina propria, promoting immune tolerance and suppressing overactive immune responses. Animal studies demonstrate that oral Reishi administration increases levels of secretory IgA in the gut and normalizes CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios, vital for intestinal immune homeostasis (Wang et al., 2012).

Triterpenes in Reishi exert anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal tract. They inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reducing mucosal injury in colitis and gastritis models. Furthermore, Reishi enhances the expression of tight junction proteins like ZO-1 and occludin, reducing intestinal permeability often implicated in metabolic endotoxemia and systemic inflammation (Li et al., 2020).

Reishi’s contribution to digestive health is not limited to physical barrier integrity. It also promotes neuromodulation via the gut-brain axis, indirectly influencing mood and cognition. This positions Reishi as a functional mycological intervention for comprehensive gastrointestinal regulation—from microbial modulation to immune surveillance and mucosal repair.

Hepatic (Liver) Function and Detoxification

The liver is the primary organ for detoxification, lipid metabolism, and hormonal balance. Numerous studies have documented the hepatoprotective effects of Reishi polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Mechanistically, these compounds reduce hepatic oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (Zhou et al., 2007).

Triterpenes from Reishi have shown the ability to modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP2E1, which plays a role in xenobiotic metabolism and is implicated in alcohol-induced liver damage (Wu et al., 2013). This modulation contributes to Reishi's protective effects against hepatotoxins such as carbon tetrachloride and alcohol.

Additionally, Reishi-derived beta-glucans have been observed to attenuate liver fibrosis by suppressing the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and fibrogenic proteins, which are central to fibrotic progression in hepatic stellate cells (Xie et al., 2012).

Cardiovascular Regulation and Vascular Health

Reishi exhibits multiple cardioprotective effects, most notably through its influence on blood pressure regulation, cholesterol metabolism, and endothelial function. Ganoderic acids have been reported to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro, suggesting a potential antihypertensive effect similar to pharmacological ACE inhibitors (Takeda et al., 2006).

Reishi also contributes to favorable lipid profiles by downregulating hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis (Wachtel-Galor et al., 2011). Supplementation has been associated with reductions in LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, alongside increased HDL levels in several clinical trials, albeit with small sample sizes.

At the endothelial level, Reishi polysaccharides enhance nitric oxide (NO) production by upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which may improve vasodilation and reduce arterial stiffness (Zhang et al., 2018). These effects could be particularly meaningful in the prevention or mitigation of atherosclerosis and hypertension.

Pulmonary Function and Immune Defense

The respiratory system, particularly the lungs, serves as both a site of gas exchange and a critical interface for immune defense. Reishi’s immunomodulatory effects are well-established, particularly its role in activating alveolar macrophages, increasing secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), and enhancing phagocytic activity (Gao et al., 2003).

Beta-glucans from G. lucidum have demonstrated efficacy in enhancing pulmonary immune responses against viral and bacterial pathogens. Moreover, triterpenoids have exhibited bronchodilatory effects and the ability to reduce allergic airway inflammation in preclinical models of asthma (Li et al., 2016).

Reishi's capacity to inhibit mast cell degranulation and reduce histamine release may further benefit individuals with chronic allergic respiratory conditions (Lee et al., 2010). These properties suggest a role in both prophylactic and adjunctive therapies for respiratory illnesses.

Renal (Kidney) Protection and Electrolyte Regulation

The kidneys regulate fluid balance, blood pressure, and waste elimination. Oxidative stress and inflammation are central to the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and Reishi’s antioxidant properties can mitigate these processes.

In rodent models of nephrotoxicity, Reishi supplementation has been shown to reduce serum creatinine and urea levels while preserving glomerular architecture (Lin et al., 2011). Polysaccharides may inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which contribute to diabetic nephropathy by triggering inflammatory cascades and fibrotic processes in renal tissues (Wang et al., 2015).

Through its anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Reishi may also help prevent the progression of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, two hallmarks of CKD (Zhou et al., 2007).

Neurological and Endocrine Interactions

The brain and endocrine system are intricately connected through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key modulator of stress response, mood, and homeostasis. Reishi’s adaptogenic potential is underpinned by its ability to normalize cortisol levels and influence the expression of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSP70) (Chen et al., 2012).

Neuroprotective effects of Reishi are largely attributed to its capacity to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and attenuate oxidative damage in neuronal tissues. These effects have been demonstrated in models of Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia (Zhu et al., 2015).

Furthermore, compounds in Reishi may exert a mild serotonergic effect by modulating tryptophan-kynurenine pathways, which have implications for mood regulation and depression (Tang et al., 2016).

Reishi Benefits Many Systems

This systems-based overview illustrates the comprehensive influence Reishi may exert across multiple organs. Each of these organ systems warrants a deeper dive, based on personal desires outcomes where mechanistic pathways, clinical trial data, and functional outcomes can be explored in detail. 

Read more about how Reishi benefits different systems in the body

Liver

Brain

Digestion

Heart

Lungs

Kidneys

Brain and nervous system

Recommended Doses of Reishi Mushroom

The recommended dose of reishi mushroom can vary depending on the form in which it is consumed. Here are some general guidelines for reishi mushroom dosage:

• Dried reishi mushroom: 3-5 grams per day
• Reishi mushroom extract (powder or liquid): Follow the manufacturer's recommended dosage, which may range from 1-3 grams per day

It's important to note that the optimal dose of reishi may vary for each individual, and it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Reishi is rich in bio-active compounds

1. Polysaccharides: These are complex carbohydrates that have various health-promoting effects 
2. Triterpenoids: A group of bioactive molecules that contribute to the mushroom's anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic properties 
3. Ergosterol: A compound with demonstrated anti-cancer activity, particularly against triple-negative breast cancer cells 
4. Steroids: These compounds are also present in reishi mushrooms and contribute to their medicinal properties 
5. Phenols: These are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds found in Ganoderma lucidum 
6. Nucleotides: These are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA and are present in reishi mushrooms 
7. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids: These bioactive compounds contribute to the overall health benefits of reishi mushrooms 

How Can You Consume Reishi?

1. Fresh Reish: Although not typically consumed fresh due to its bitter taste and tough texture, the white growing margins of the cap can be eaten while still developing. This method allows you to experience reishi in its most natural form, but its potency may be lower than other methods. You will need to grow your own for this method.

2. Reishi Tea: Reishi tea is made by simmering the dried mushroom in water. This method of consumption is easy and accessible, providing a soothing experience. However, the extraction process may not be as efficient as other methods, resulting in a lower potency.

3. Reishi Powder: Reishi powder is created by grinding dried reishi mushrooms into a fine powder, which can be added to smoothies, coffee, or food. This method offers versatility and convenience, but the bioavailability of the compounds may vary depending on the quality of the powder.

4. Reishi Tincture: Reishi tinctures are liquid extracts made by soaking the mushroom in alcohol. This method helps preserve the bioactive compounds and increase their absorption. However, the taste may be too strong for some, and the alcohol base may not be suitable for everyone.

5. Reishi Capsules: Reishi capsules contain ground reishi powder in a convenient, easy-to-swallow form. This method is a popular choice for those seeking a consistent, standardized dosage. The effectiveness may depend on the quality of the powder used, as well as the extraction method.

6. Ultrasound Extracts: Ultrasound extracts utilize innovative technology to break down the mushroom's cell walls, releasing the bioactive compounds efficiently. This method leads to a higher concentration of beneficial compounds and improved bioavailability. Ultrasound extracts may provide the most potent and effective reishi experience.

A Delicacy Fit for Emperors

When it comes to the edibility of reishi mushrooms, it's essential to know that they are not as readily consumable as other mushroom varieties. The only way to eat reishi mushrooms fresh is to consume the white growing margins of the cap while they are still in their developing stage. This tender part of the mushroom offers a unique culinary experience, which may explain why it was highly sought after by emperors in ancient China.

The lore of emperors indulging in reishi mushrooms is deeply rooted in traditional Chinese medicine. These potent fungi were believed to possess incredible healing properties, thanks to their rich array of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and steroids. As a result, reishi mushrooms were considered an imperial delicacy, reserved for those with the highest stature in society.

References

1. Cui, X. Y., Cui, S. Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Z. J., Yu, B., Sheng, Z. F., ... & Jiang, Y. (2012). Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(3), 796-800.

2. Li, F., Wang, Y., Park, Y.-K., & Kim, B.-S. (2021). Antidepressant-like effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) on mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 276, 114194.

3. Wachtel-Galor, Sissi, et al. "Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom." Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition (2011).

4. Chen, Lihua, et al. "Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2016).

5. Wu, Yalin, et al. "Free radical scavenging and antioxidative activities of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides derivatives." Food Chemistry 136.3-4 (2013): 1333-1338.

6. Cheng, C.-H., Leung, A. Y.-H., & Chen, C. F. (2011). The Effects of Two Different Ganoderma Species (Lingzhi) on Gene Expression in Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells. Nutrition and Cancer,

7. Li, P., Deng, Y. P., Wei, X. X., & Xu, J. H. (2006). Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their potential hepatoprotective activities. Journal of Natural Products, 69(11), 1595-1599.

8. Lin, Z. B., Zhang, H. N., & Zhang, Q. (2005). Antitumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 26(11), 1287-1295.

9. Sanodiya, B. S., Thakur, G. S., Baghel, R. K., Prasad, G. B., & Bisen, P. S. (2009). Ganoderma lucidum: a potent pharmacological macrofungus. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 10(8), 717-742.

10. Wachtel-Galor, S., Szeto, Y. T., Tomlinson, B., & Benzie, I. F. (2004). Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi'); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 55(1), 75-83.

• Chen, X., et al. (2012). Ganoderma lucidum reduces stress and fatigue in mice via inhibition of HSP70 expression. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(1), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.034

• Gao, Y., et al. (2003). Immunomodulating activities of Ganoderma lucidum in tumor-bearing mice. International Immunopharmacology, 3(3), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00278-3

• Lee, J. M., et al. (2010). Anti-allergic action of Ganoderma triterpenoids by inhibiting histamine release and mast cell activation. Planta Medica, 76(16), 1707-1713. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250089

• Li, W., et al. (2016). Protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum against airway inflammation in asthmatic rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 83, 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.015

• Lin, Z. B., et al. (2011). Protective effect of Ganoderma polysaccharides on renal function in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 17(9), 674-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-011-0836-0

• Tang, W., et al. (2016). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides modulate the kynurenine pathway in depressive mice. Neuroscience Letters, 626, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.042

• Takeda, K., et al. (2006). Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry, 67(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.10.014

• Wang, Y., et al. (2015). Anti-glycation and renal protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum in diabetic rats. Food & Function, 6(5), 1538–1547. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00159c

• Wachtel-Galor, S., & Benzie, I. F. F. (2011). Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi). In: Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects (2nd ed.). CRC Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92757/

• Wu, G. S., et al. (2013). Hepatoprotective effects of ganoderic acids on cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver injury models. Archives of Toxicology, 87(5), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0966-z

• Xie, J., et al. (2012). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides protect liver fibrosis via TGF-beta/Smad pathway inhibition. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88(3), 780-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.004

• Zhang, H., et al. (2018). Ganoderma lucidum enhances nitric oxide production and improves endothelial function. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 216, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.008

• Zhou, X., et al. (2007). Ganoderma lucidum pharmacology: From lab to clinic. Phytotherapy Research, 21(6), 505–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2149

• Zhu, Y., et al. (2015). Neuroprotective properties of Ganoderma lucidum extract in models of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Bulletin, 31(6), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-015-1554-1